Gastroenteritis cases are reaching epidemic proportions. Many experts claim that gastroenteritis is the second most common virus after the common cold, because it is very easily transmitted.
Gastroenteritis is a disease of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever and colic in the abdomen. Gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea and vomiting, are often caused by infections (gastroenteritis) or food poisoning.
Rarely the etiology is a serious infectious disease or a chronic digestive disease (such as celiac disease or Chron's disease).
A type of virus that is often responsible for gastroenteritis, it "hangs" very easily, even from the knobs, tram handles, and computer keyboards. The only possible prevention is to wash your hands thoroughly, and disinfect them with an alcoholic solution, especially in the months when there is an outbreak (March-April).
Gastroenteritis is a disease of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever and colic in the abdomen. Gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea and vomiting, are often caused by infections (gastroenteritis) or food poisoning.
Rarely the etiology is a serious infectious disease or a chronic digestive disease (such as celiac disease or Chron's disease).
A type of virus that is often responsible for gastroenteritis, it "hangs" very easily, even from the knobs, tram handles, and computer keyboards. The only possible prevention is to wash your hands thoroughly, and disinfect them with an alcoholic solution, especially in the months when there is an outbreak (March-April).
Gastroenteritis often goes untreated. It is more common in winter and affects people of all ages.
How to understand that there is a problem
This is a virus that "gives" sudden symptoms, without warning, and which are common to all. These are:
1. Recurrent vomiting. They usually appear in the first 6-10 hours and then gradually subside.
2. Continuous bowel movements (diarrhea). They may start with or after vomiting, but they last longer.
3. Fever. It can be high or only tenths.
4. Weakness, exhaustion, anorexia.
How to understand that there is a problem
This is a virus that "gives" sudden symptoms, without warning, and which are common to all. These are:
1. Recurrent vomiting. They usually appear in the first 6-10 hours and then gradually subside.
2. Continuous bowel movements (diarrhea). They may start with or after vomiting, but they last longer.
3. Fever. It can be high or only tenths.
4. Weakness, exhaustion, anorexia.
What is gastroenteritis? Gastrointestinal system diseases NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
What is gastroenteritis in more detail
The most common cause of gastroenteritis is a virus, which tends to spread very easily. The most rare cause of gastroenteritis is bacteria and food poisoning. Most causes of gastroenteritis are not helped by antibiotics.
What Causes Gastroenteritis
Viral gastroenteritis is the second most common clinical entity after viral respiratory infections and the most common cause of diarrhea in children and adults. Their frequency depends on the age, country and living conditions of the patient. In the developed world, on average, there are 1 to 3 episodes per person per year, while in developing countries this number can range from 1 to 18 episodes.
Bacteria and parasites can also cause gastroenteritis, and are commonly found in contaminated food or water (food poisoning). Food poisoning usually occurs six to 12 hours after eating spoiled food.
Gastroenteritis from Rotavirus
Viral gastroenteritis is the second most common clinical entity after viral respiratory infections and the most common cause of diarrhea in children and adults. Their frequency depends on the age, country and living conditions of the patient. In the developed world, on average, there are 1 to 3 episodes per person per year, while in developing countries this number can range from 1 to 18 episodes.
The viruses that cause gastroenteritis are found in human feces.
Bacteria and parasites can also cause gastroenteritis, and are commonly found in contaminated food or water (food poisoning). Food poisoning usually occurs six to 12 hours after eating spoiled food.
Gastroenteritis from Rotavirus
Rotavirus owes its name to its appearance on a wheelchair-like appearance (rota) and is transmitted through the intestinal tract, while its transmission is independent of hygiene conditions, as it is a highly resistant RNA virus and can remain in the water for weeks, in hands and other surfaces. It is transmitted to the gastrointestinal tract through the consumption of contaminated food (most often vegetables), which in turn become infected after washing with contaminated water.
Gastroenteritis from Norovirus
Noroviruses are the leading cause of diarrhea and vomiting from food or water worldwide. These viruses got their name from an epidemic in a school in Norwalk, Ohio, USA in 1968, during which 50% of the children and a large number of their relatives were infected. Initially all the viruses isolated from the above cases were named Norwalk viruses, and then after electron microscopy studies other Norwalk-like viruses were discovered and the group was named norovirus. The modern classification places noroviruses together with sapoviruses in the calicivirus family. Noroviruses mainly affect adults, while sapoviruses mainly affect children.
How does it spread?
Viral gastroenteritis spreads easily from person to person. When a person vomits or has diarrhea, small droplets containing the virus can contaminate surfaces such as faucets, toilet bowl handles, toys and diapers. People with gastroenteritis can transmit the virus for up to 48 hours after their symptoms have stopped.
Bacterial gastroenteritis is spread through poor hygiene (especially when you do not wash your hands after going to the toilet or after cleaning vomit or dirty diapers), spoiled food, contaminated water supply and touching pets and other animals.
What are the symptoms?
Gastroenteritis can cause all or some of the following symptoms:
- nausea and vomiting that may last for a day or two
- diarrhea, which usually lasts one to three days, but can last up to 10 days
- Loss of appetite
- Headaches
- Abdominal pain
- Abdominal cramps
- Bleeding (dysentery - a sign of amoeba infection, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella or some Escherichia coli strains)
- fever (temperature above 37.5oC in adults and above 38oC in children)
- Fainting and weakness
Symptoms of more severe gastroenteritis include an inability to hold any fluids, limited urination, and fainting while standing. If you have any of these symptoms you should seek immediate medical attention.
Black diarrhea is not gastroenteritis - it may indicate bleeding in the large intestine (intestine) and requires urgent medical treatment.
7 Home Remedies for Gastrointestinal
Most of the viruses that cause gastroenteritis do not grow in cell cultures and therefore isolating them with this method cannot be a reference method. On the contrary, distinguishing them with an electron microscope (EM) is very easy due to their different morphology. However, the sensitivity of the method is very low. Rotaviruses are generally easier to detect as they are excreted in high numbers during the period of exacerbation of diarrhea. Astroviruses are also found in large amounts in the stool and are easily detected. The rest of the viruses and especially the caliciviruses multiply in small quantities and with EM it is very difficult to detect them. Technical and financial constraints put EM out of scope for the clinical diagnosis of viral infections.
In recent years, molecular methods and in particular reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have provided extremely high specificity and sensitivity and very low detection limits. Thus RT-PCR in combination with immunological techniques (detection of antibodies in the serum of patients and antigens of viruses in feces with EIA tests) are now used for laboratory diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of viral gastroenteritis.
Treatment
Gastroenteritis is usually mild and treatment will depend on the type of gastroenteritis.
Nausea and vomiting medications may be prescribed.
Antibiotics are only needed if the gastroenteritis is caused by bacteria or parasites. A sample of diarrhea may be examined for this purpose.
Some people may need intravenous fluids if they are very dehydrated. Treatment at home
Get plenty of fluids, using aqueous solutions when there is a lot of bowel movements, to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes.
The fluids will not stop the vomiting and diarrhea but will not let you get dehydrated.
If you feel hungry to eat. Start with soft foods such as crackers, rice, bananas or toast. You should resume normal fluids and diet in 48-72 hours, even if the diarrhea persists.
Get plenty of rest.
You should return to your doctor or hospital if you are unable to retain enough fluids, feel dizzy when standing or see significant worsening of symptoms.
Preventing the spread of gastroenteritis
There are many ways to reduce the spread of gastroenteritis.Do not share your towels, face towels, toothbrush, drinks or cutlery with others.
Wash your hands thoroughly (at least for 10 seconds) with warm soapy water after using the toilet, when changing diapers, after cleaning up vomit and before eating or cooking meals.
Touch, store and prepare raw and cooked foods separately. Cook all raw foods well.
People with gastroenteritis should not prepare or touch other people's food.
Stay home and away from others when you are unwell.
If you plan to travel, drink only bottled water or boil the water for 10 minutes. If you can not peel it, cook it, or boil it, do not eat it.
Clean bathrooms and toilets frequently.
Be careful when touching animals and their urine or feces.
If you think the source of the illness may be food, keep food scraps under control. Hospital, healthcare and food handling staff should not return to work for 48 hours after diarrhea has recovered.
See your doctor if you have:
- aggravated stomach pain
- frequent vomiting or diarrhea or both
- blood or mucus in your stool (diarrhea)
- urinate little or not at all, or your urine is dark or smelly.
Nutritional treatment of gastroenteritis
1. Drink small amounts (sips) of clear fluids often (every 15 minutes), such as water or diluted lemonade (one cup of lemonade in four cups of water) or an electrolyte solution containing potassium, sodium, calcium which will help your body replenish these essential electrolytes that are necessary for its proper functioning.
The fluids will not stop the vomiting and diarrhea, but they will not leave you dehydrated. One hour after vomiting do not give anything by mouth (especially water). But then, teaspoon - teaspoon a little tea.
2. If you can not find an electrolyte solution, do the following:
2.1 Put a little soda and salt (in the "nose" of a tablespoon) and half a teaspoon of sugar in a glass of water. Soda contains bicarbonate, salt, chlorine and sodium and sugar, glucose, which stimulates the body.
2.2 Add to 1 liter of water, 4 teaspoons of sugar,. Teaspoon of salt (in children ¼ or ½), 1 teaspoon of baking soda (in children ¼ or ½).
3. When you feel better and can eat, eat small amounts of banana and apple , which are rich sources of potassium. You will replenish another "lost" electrolyte.
4. It is good to drink and eat rice soup or vermicelli (lapas), with a little more salt than usual.
5. Drink small amounts of tea ( tea with lemon ).
6. In addition to tea, which has a proven anti-diarrheal effect, many people, when they have diarrhea, drink cola-type soft drinks. They really help, because they contain tannins, which reduce the motility of the intestine and consequently the number of bowel movements.
(However, they may cause more damage to the gut than good, and should be avoided altogether. your problem). Alternative soda (not oranges, lemonades, etc.),
7. The diet should be low in fiber and avoid eating fresh fruits and vegetables (vegetables, breakfast cereals, fruits such as plums, figs, etc.) Focus mainly on simple carbohydrates, such as white bread, white spaghetti, rice, sugar, crackers and toast.
8. It is also advisable to avoid dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese) for precautionary reasons. For the children we give the milk in double dilution, thickening it slowly.
9. Avoid sweets, fries, sauces, chips (shrimp, etc.), minced meat, ham, bacon.
10. Consumption of boiled chicken (skinless breast) or chicken - beef soup, fish (lean, boiled or grilled), well-boiled eggs (not less than 6 minutes to avoid salmonella).
Note:
- Get plenty of rest. not in intense activity
- Apply the above diet for 2-3 days and gradually add to the diet the various foods with the latest legumes and heavy fatty foods.
- Observance of basic hygiene rules during the preparation of food. Avoid keeping cooked food at room temperature.
- When at least 2 days have passed and the condition does not improve but worsens, then the use of antibiotics is usually indicated. But even then exams must precede.
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